When Muslim Arabs, under the leadership of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, took control of Jerusalem in 638 CE, they established a system of governance that included specific protections and limitations for Christians and Jews, who were considered "People of the Book" (Ahl al-Kitab) due to their shared Abrahamic religious heritage.
Here's a general overview of their treatment:
Key Aspects of the Pact of Umar (though its authenticity is debated among scholars):
* Dhimmi Status: Christians and Jews were granted the status of *dhimmis*, meaning "protected people." In exchange for paying a special tax called the *jizya*, they were granted protection of their lives, property, and religious freedom.
* Religious Freedom (with limitations): They were generally allowed to practice their religion, maintain their houses of worship (churches and synagogues), and observe their religious laws. However, there were often restrictions on building new religious structures or renovating old ones.
* Legal Autonomy: They were usually allowed to settle legal disputes among themselves according to their own religious laws, as long as it didn't conflict with Islamic law or public order.
* Protection: The Muslim authorities were responsible for protecting the *dhimmis* from external threats and internal violence.
* Restrictions:
* Jizya Tax: The *jizya* was a poll tax levied on adult, free, non-Muslim males.
* Legal Limitations: In some legal matters, their testimony might not be considered equal to that of a Muslim.
* Social Limitations: There could be restrictions on holding certain public offices or positions of authority over Muslims. They might be required to dress differently to distinguish themselves from Muslims.
* Religious Expression: Public displays of Christian or Jewish religious symbols or practices could be restricted.
Variations in Treatment:
* Local Context: The actual treatment of Christians and Jews varied depending on the specific ruler, the local circumstances, and the prevailing political climate. Some rulers were more tolerant than others.
* Economic Factors: Economic conditions could also influence relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. During times of prosperity, relations might be more amicable, while economic hardship could lead to increased tensions.
Historical Perspectives:
* Accounts of Toleration: Some historical accounts emphasize the relative tolerance of Muslim rule compared to other periods in the history of Jerusalem. They point to instances where Christians and Jews were able to maintain their religious institutions and communities.
* Accounts of Oppression: Other accounts highlight instances of discrimination, persecution, and forced conversions. They emphasize the restrictions and limitations placed on *dhimmis* and the potential for abuse of power.
Summary:
The treatment of Christians and Jews under Muslim Arab rule in Jerusalem after 638 CE was complex and varied. While they were granted protection and religious freedom as *dhimmis*, they also faced certain restrictions and limitations. The actual experience of Christians and Jews depended on a variety of factors, including the specific ruler, the local context, and the prevailing political and economic conditions. It is essential to consider multiple perspectives and historical sources to gain a nuanced understanding of this period.