Yes, the image of being "stiff-necked" in the Bible likely draws from the observation of oxen resisting the yoke and plow. Here's why:
* Oxen and Yokes: Oxen were crucial for plowing fields and pulling carts in ancient agricultural societies. They were controlled by a yoke, a wooden frame placed over their necks.
* Resisting the Yoke: A well-trained ox would willingly submit to the yoke and follow the farmer's commands. However, an untrained or stubborn ox might resist the yoke, pull against it, and refuse to go in the intended direction. This resistance would manifest as a "stiff neck," holding its head high and fighting the control.
* Metaphorical Meaning: The Bible uses the "stiff-necked" image metaphorically to describe people who are stubborn, rebellious, and unwilling to submit to God's will or authority. Just as the ox resists the yoke, these people resist God's guidance and commands.
* Biblical Examples: The term "stiff-necked" appears frequently in the Old Testament, particularly in reference to the Israelites' repeated disobedience and rebellion against God after the Exodus from Egypt (e.g., Exodus 32:9, 33:3, 34:9; Deuteronomy 9:6, 9:13; Acts 7:51).
Therefore, the association with oxen and their resistance to the yoke provides a vivid and easily understandable image for stubbornness and defiance of authority, especially divine authority.