Determining the *absolute* most ancient goddess is difficult because writing emerged in different places at different times. However, based on current archaeological and textual evidence,
Inanna (Sumerian) / Ishtar (Akkadian/Babylonian) is a strong contender for the most ancient goddess appearing in written records.
Here's why:
* Sumerian Civilization: Sumerian civilization, located in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), is considered one of the earliest civilizations with written language. Cuneiform writing dates back to around 3200 BCE.
* Inanna's Prominence: Inanna was a central figure in the Sumerian pantheon. She was the goddess of love, beauty, sex, war, justice, and political power.
* Early Texts: Inanna appears in some of the earliest Sumerian texts. While the interpretation of some of these texts is debated, her presence is undeniable. Texts like the "Hymn to Inanna" (attributed to Enheduanna, daughter of King Sargon of Akkad, around 2300 BCE) are relatively complete and highlight her importance.
* Evolution to Ishtar: As the Akkadian empire rose and adopted aspects of Sumerian culture, Inanna was assimilated and became known as Ishtar. Ishtar retained many of Inanna's attributes and remained a major goddess in Mesopotamian religions for centuries.
Considerations and Caveats:
* Pre-Writing Deities: Of course, belief in deities existed *before* the invention of writing. However, without written records, it's impossible to pinpoint specific goddesses by name.
* Interpretation: The interpretation of very early texts is often challenging. The exact nature of Inanna's worship in these early periods is still debated.
* Other Contenders: There might be other very early goddesses mentioned in fragmentary or less well-understood texts. Discoveries of new archaeological sites could also change our understanding of the earliest deities.
* Evolution of Deities: Deities often evolved and merged over time. It's sometimes difficult to trace a direct line between very early figures and later goddesses.
In conclusion: While we can't definitively declare Inanna/Ishtar as *the* most ancient goddess with absolute certainty, she stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent goddesses appearing in written history, based on our current understanding of the archaeological and textual record.